Reglas proambientales: una alternativa para disminuir la brecha entre el decir-hacer en la educación ambiental / Pro-environmental rules: An alternative for reducing the "say-do" gap in environmental education

RESUMEN La discrepancia entre el decir-hacer ha estado en el centro del debate al estudiar el comportamiento proambiental. Este artículo hace una revisión sistemática sobre la literatura disponible alrededor del estudio de las actitudes ambientales en donde se pone en evidencia la inconsistencia en los resultados de este enfoque para generar cambios duraderos en el comportamiento de las personas. Se propone como alternativa un cambio en la orientación de la investigación y la práctica educativa ambiental a partir de la regulación verbal y en particular del seguimiento de reglas proambientales para reducir la brecha entre lo que se dice y lo que se hace en pro de la resolución de los problemas vinculados al medio ambiente. Se analizan las implicaciones de esta propuesta en la educación ambiental y se plantean algunos derroteros para su desarrollo metodológico.

ABSTRACT The discrepancy between what people say and what people do has been at the centre of debate in the study of pro-environmental behaviour. This article presents a systematic review of the available literature on the study of attitudes to the environment, which shows an inconsistency in the results of this approach to generate lasting changes in people's behaviour. A change is proposed in the orientation of research and environmental educational practice from verbal regulation, in particular the following of pro-environmental rules to reduce the gap between what is said and what is done in order to resolve problems related to the environment. The implications of this proposal on environmental education are analysed, as well as some paths for methodological development of this proposal.

Alignment between values of dryland pastoralists and conservation needs for small mammals.

Policies for conservation outside protected areas, such as those designed to address the decline in Australian mammals, will not result in net improvements unless they address barriers to proenvironmental behavior. We used a mixed-methods approach to explore potential value-action gaps (disconnects between values and subsequent action) for small mammal conservation behaviors among pastoralists in dryland Australia. Using semistructured surveys and open-ended interviews (n = 43), we explored values toward small mammals; uptake of a range of current and intended actions that may provide benefit to small mammals; and potential perceived barriers to their uptake. Pastoralists assigned great conservation value to small mammals; over 80% (n = 36) agreed to strongly agreed that small mammals on their property were important. These values did not translate into stated willingness to engage in voluntary cessation of wild-dog control (r2 = 0.187, p = 0.142, n = 43). However, assigning great conservation value to small mammals was strongly related to stated voluntary willingness to engage in the proenvironmental behavior most likely to result in benefits to small mammals: cat and fox control (r2 = 0.558, p = 0.000, n = 43). There was no significant difference between stated voluntarily and incentivized willingness to engage in cat and fox control (p = 0.862, n = 43). The high levels of willingness to engage in voluntary cat and fox control highlight a potential entry point for addressing Australia's mammal declines because the engagement of pastoralists in conservation programs targeting cat and fox control is unlikely to be prevented by attitudinal constraints. Qualitative data suggest there is likely a subpopulation of pastoralists who value small mammals but do not wish to engage in formal conservation programs due to relational barriers with potential implementers. A long-term commitment to engagement with pastoralists by implementers will thus be necessary for conservation success. On-property cat and fox control programs that build and leverage trust, shared goals, collaboration, and shared learning experiences between stakeholders and that explicitly recognize the complexity of small mammal dynamics and the property-level ecological knowledge of pastoralists are more likely to gain traction.

ESPECIFICACIÓN DE UN MODELO DE HIPERMETROPÍA SOCIOPOLÍTICA / SPECIFICATION OF A SOCIOPOLITICAL HYPEROPIA MODEL

El proceso que consiste en asegurar que los desastres naturales y catástrofes ecológicas lejanas no están vinculados con la situación personal, o bien, las problemáticas locales no son de tal magnitud que supongan una acción conservacionista, es conocido como hipermetropía ambiental. En este sentido, el presente trabajo se propone especificar un modelo para el estudio de este sesgo perceptual que explica la relación entre naturaleza y humanidad. Para tales fines, se llevó a cabo un estudio documental en las bases de datos de RADALYC, LATINDEX y DIALNET durante el periodo que va de 2010 a 2014 en artículos con registro ISSN y DOI relativos a la hipermetropía ambiental. El modelo especificado incluye ocho dimensiones alusivas al sesgo perceptual con respecto al abastecimiento de agua local y residencial. En referencia al estado del conocimiento, la especificación fue contrastada a fin de poder anticipar escenarios de análisis, estructuras perceptuales, toma de decisiones y comportamientos en función de la disponibilidad de agua y las necesidades/expectativas de consumo locales.

The process consisting in ensuring that natural disasters and distant environmental catastrophes are not linked to the personal situation, or local issues are not of such magnitude thay they involve a conservation action, is known as environmental hyperopia. In this sense, the present article aims to specify a model for the study of this perceptual bias that explains the relationship between nature and humanity. To that end, a documental study was carried on RADALYC, DIALNET and LATINDEX databases during the period 2010 to 2014 in Articles with ISSN and DOI record concerning environmental hyperopia. The model specified includes eight dimensions referring the perceptual bias with respect to local and residential water supply. In reference to the state of knowledge, the specification was proven to be able to anticipate analysis scenarios, perceptual structures, decision-making and behavior in terms of water availability and the needs / expectations of local consumption.